Johns Hopkins HIV Guide
Hepatitis A
PATHOGENS
- Hepatitis A virus (HAV): non-enveloped, icosahedral, positive-stranded RNA virus
- Spread via fecal-oral route; more prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (20-30% of people in U.S. are seropositive).
- Transmission through contaminated food and water (including fruits and packaged foods imported into the U.S.) and through some sexual practices (oral-anal and digital-anal sex); multiple sexual partners and MSM are risks.
- Pathogenesis from robust HAV-specific CD8+ T-cell, NK T-cell, and IFN response leading to hepatocyte destruction.
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Last updated: May 9, 2022
Citation
Hoffmann, Christopher J. "Hepatitis A." Johns Hopkins HIV Guide, The Johns Hopkins University, 2022. Johns Hopkins Guides, www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_HIV_Guide/545088/0/Hepatitis_A.
Hoffmann CJ. Hepatitis A. Johns Hopkins HIV Guide. The Johns Hopkins University; 2022. https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_HIV_Guide/545088/0/Hepatitis_A. Accessed October 30, 2025.
Hoffmann, C. J. (2022). Hepatitis A. In Johns Hopkins HIV Guide. The Johns Hopkins University. https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_HIV_Guide/545088/0/Hepatitis_A
Hoffmann CJ. Hepatitis A [Internet]. In: Johns Hopkins HIV Guide. The Johns Hopkins University; 2022. [cited 2025 October 30]. Available from: https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_HIV_Guide/545088/0/Hepatitis_A.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
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