DEFINITION

Inhalants of abuse are characterized by low vapor pressure and high volatility at room temperature, but there are large differences between different classes of chemicals, which include[1]:

• Volatile anesthetics: i.e., isoflurane, chloroform, ether, halothane; enhances GABA and inhibits glutamanergic signals
• Nitrous oxide: Street names include "laughing gas" and "whippets"; enhances opioid and GABA signals, inhibits NMDA glutamate receptors
• Alkyl nitrites: i.e., computer duster spray, hair spray; street name "poppers"; stimulates release of nitric oxide and activation of cGMP causing vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation, primarily used to enhance sexual experiences
• Volatile solvents: i.e., nail polish remover, glue, paint thinner, gasoline; most commonly abused class of inhalants

Clues that may help to diagnose inhalant use disorder include[2]:

• Behavioral changes such as isolation and/or deviation from normal activities at home, work, or school.
• Over time, inhalants are used in greater quantities and for a longer duration despite efforts to decrease or quit.
• There can be a craving, or drive, to use the inhalant.
• Use is maintained despite detrimental effects on social, occupational and educational responsibilities, as well as physical and mental health.
• Tolerance can occur, in that more inhalant use is needed to become intoxicated.